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MT Newsletter |  |
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SMT Faculty
Jessie Jacob Manu Prakash Rema Valsala |
Thought for the month: | To freely bloom - that is my definition of success ...Gerry Spence |
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MT Newsletter | |
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SMT Faculty
Jessie Jacob Manu Prakash Rema Valsala |
Thought for the month: | To freely bloom - that is my definition of success ...Gerry Spence |
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FAQs
Standards Questionnaire |
You had better inquire at the information office.
"How many post cards did you need?" "Fewer than I had expected."
Furuncle: A deep skin infection with bacteria, which involves a hair follicle; often referred to as a boil.
Most frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus; boils begin as red, painful swellings, which may later ooze pus.
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Q. How do you grade murmurs? Murmurs are sounds produced by turbulent blood flow. As turbulent blood flow may develop within a normal heart, murmurs are not always pathologic. When the blood viscosity is low (as in anemia) or the cardiac output is increased (by fever or infection), a murmur is often present in an individual with a perfectly normal heart. These murmurs are called functional or innocent murmurs. Viscosity refers to the quality of a liquid being thick and slow-to-flow. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by the heart in a given period of time, usually expressed in liters per minute. Organic murmurs are produced by structural cardiac abnormalities. Grade 1/6 - Very faint and not immediately heard. Requires special concentration and a quiet room. Grade 2/6- Faint, audible after a few seconds of auscultation, low intensity. Grade 3/6 - Immediately audible, moderate intensity. Grade 4/6 - Loud. Often with palpable thrill. Grade 5/6 - Very loud. Palpable thrill. Often heard with stethoscope rim held on chest wall. Grade 6/6 - Loudest intensity. Palpable thrill. May be heard with stethoscope chest piece held off chest wall. Thrill - A vibration accompanying a cardiac or vascular murmur that can be palpated.Q. What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, which result from defects in insulin secretion, or insulin action, or both. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition, meaning it can last a lifetime. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine. Normally, blood glucose levels are controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. The glucose in digested food is absorbed by the intestinal cells into the bloodstream, and is carried by blood to all the cells in the body. However, glucose cannot enter the cells alone and needs insulin to aid in its transport into the cells. In response to the increased glucose level in blood, the pancreas normally releases insulin into the bloodstream to help glucose enter the cells and lower blood glucose levels. When the blood glucose levels are lowered, the insulin release from the pancreas is turned off. In normal individuals, such a regulatory system helps to keep blood glucose levels in a tightly controlled range. In patients with diabetes mellitus, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Without insulin, cells become starved of glucose energy despite the presence of abundant glucose in the blood. In certain types of diabetes mellitus, the cells' inability to utilize glucose gives rise to the ironic situation of "starvation in the midst of plenty". The abundant, unutilized glucose is wastefully excreted in the urine. Types of diabetes mellitus The new classification system identifies four types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 and type 2, the two major types Other specific types Gestational diabetes Note: Arabic numerals (1 and 2) are specifically used in the new system to minimize the occasional confusion of type "II" as the number "11." Type 1 diabetes mellitus (formerly called Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - IDDM - or juvenile diabetes) is characterized by destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas caused by an autoimmune process, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency. The onset is usually acute, developing over a period of a few days to weeks. Over 95 percent of persons with type 1 diabetes mellitus develop the disease before the age of 25, with an equal incidence in both sexes. A family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, gluten enteropathy (celiac disease) or other endocrine disease is often found. Autoimmune: Cells and/or antibodies arising from and directed against the individual's own tissues. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (formerly called Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus -NIDDM - or adult-onset diabetes) is characterized by insulin resistance in peripheral tissue and a defect in the secretion of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreas. This is the most common form of diabetes mellitus and is highly associated with a family history of diabetes, older age, obesity and lack of exercise. It is more common in women, especially women with a history of gestational diabetes. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia eventually lead to impaired glucose tolerance. Defective beta cells become exhausted, further fueling the cycle of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. The etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is multifactorial and probably genetically based, but it also has strong behavioral components. Other specific types: Types of diabetes mellitus of various known etiologies are grouped together to form the classification called "other specific types." This group includes persons with genetic defects of beta-cell function (this type of diabetes was formerly called MODY or maturity-onset diabetes in youth) or with defects of insulin action; persons with diseases of the exocrine pancreas, such as pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis; persons with dysfunction associated with other endocrinopathies (e.g., acromegaly); and persons with pancreatic dysfunction caused by drugs, chemicals or infections. Gestational diabetes mellitus is an operational classification (rather than a pathophysiologic condition) identifying women who develop diabetes mellitus during gestation. (Women with diabetes mellitus before pregnancy are said to have "pregestational diabetes" and are not included in this group.) Women who develop type 1 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and women with undiagnosed asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus that is discovered during pregnancy are classified with gestational diabetes mellitus. However, most women classified with gestational diabetes mellitus have normal glucose homeostasis during the first half of the pregnancy and develop a relative insulin deficiency during the last half of the pregnancy, leading to hyperglycemia. The hyperglycemia resolves in most women after delivery, but places them at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus Polyuria (increased urine out put), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite), weakness and weight loss. Weight loss does not occur in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The early symptoms of untreated diabetes mellitus are related to elevated blood sugar levels, and loss of glucose in the urine. High amounts of glucose in the urine (glucosuria) can cause increased urine output and lead to dehydration. Dehydration causes increased thirst and water consumption. The inability to utilize glucose energy eventually leads to weight loss despite an increase in appetite. Some untreated diabetes patients also complain of fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients with diabetes are prone to developing infections of the bladder, skin, and vaginal areas. Fluctuations in blood glucose levels can lead to blurred vision. Extremely elevated glucose levels can lead to lethargy and coma (diabetic coma). ......to be continued in the next issue |
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Complain and Complaint:
Complain/complains (verb singular/plural) Complaint (noun) Examples: They always complain about their neighbors. (verb) He complains that he is unable to sleep well. (verb) The patient comes in with a complaint of shortness of breath. (noun) The patient is here with complaints of fever, cough, and runny nose. (noun)Rules to follow while transcribing fractions and superscripts: All the values (½, ¼, ¾) should be transcribed as follows 7-1/2, 7-3/4 etc. and NOT 7½, 7¾ etc. Note the hyphen between the number and the fraction. It is 165-1/4 pounds, not 1651/4 pounds. If the fractions convert to the small characters as you type, close the file that you are transcribing and open a document in MS Word. Click on Tools menu and click on Autocorrect. Next click on the 'Autoformat as you type' button. Uncheck the box for 'Fractions (1/2) with fraction character(½)' and then click OK. After this open the file and transcribe. Do NOT add superscripts for 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc. If the superscripts are getting added as you type, close the file that you are transcribing and open a document in MS Word. Click on Tools menu and click on Autocorrect. Next click on the 'Autoformat as you type' button. Uncheck the box for 'Ordinals (1st) with superscript' and then click OK. After this open the file and transcribe. Numerals or figures stand out from the surrounding text and serve a functional purpose in medical reports where they should be used most exclusively as opposed to spelled out numbers. Examples: She was seen in the emergency room 1 hour after the incident. He tried 3 different medications without any success. The specimen weighed less than 2 pounds. He is asked to follow up after 3 months. |
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Q. The _____ of the injury was extensive.
a. sight b. site c. cite Q. He was advised total abstinence _____ alcoholic beverages. a. of b. with c. from Q. 'Forgotten memories' is an example of: a. Euphemism b. Denotation & Connotation c. Oxymoron d. Metaphor Q. Find the meaning of these medical homonyms: vesical and vesicle reflux and reflex ileum and ilium See the answers in the next month's issue.... |
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