 |
MT Newsletter |  |
|---|---|---|
|
SMT Faculty
Jessie Jacob Manu Prakash Rema Valsala |
Thought for the month: | A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort. ...Herm Albright |
|
MT Newsletter | |
|---|---|---|
|
SMT Faculty
Jessie Jacob Manu Prakash Rema Valsala |
Thought for the month: | A positive attitude may not solve all your problems, but it will annoy enough people to make it worth the effort. ...Herm Albright |
|
FAQs
Standards Questionnaire |
The greater the demand, the higher the price.
The die is cast means once a decision has been made, it cannot be reversed. . A, C, F, J, O , U The sequence consists of the letters of the alphabet skipping one letter (B), then two letters (D, E), next three letters (G, H, I) and so on. Breech: The buttocks, as in breech delivery - extraction or expulsion of a fetus that presents by the buttocks or feet. |
|
Q. What is meant by G1, P1, A1, gravida, para, and abortus?
A pregnant woman is described as a gravida. G is the abbreviation for gravida. G or gravida followed by a number (Arabic numeral) designates the pregnant woman by the total number of pregnancies. Primigravida is a woman in her first pregnancy. Each pregnancy (multiple gestation is counted as one pregnancy) increases gravidity, so that a patient with two confirmed pregnancies is a gravida 2. P is the abbreviation for para. Parity describes the outcome. P or para followed by a number designates the number of times a pregnancy has culminated in a single or multiple birth after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Primipara is a woman who has given birth for the first time to one or more infants (twins, triplets, or more are considered 1 para) after 20 weeks of pregnancy. A and ab are used as abbreviations for Abortus (abortion). A or abortions followed by a number designates the number of abortions the woman had before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Distinction between abortion, premature birth, and full-term birth: Abortion is the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation). Abortion maybe either spontaneous (occurring from natural causes or induced (artificial or therapeutic). Premature (preterm) infants are those born after the stage of viability (20 weeks' gestation) but prior to 37 weeks. Full-term infants are those born after 37 weeks of pregnancy. Pregnancy history is written as gravida A, para X-X-X-X, where A is the total number of pregnancies (including the present one), para is the number of deliveries after 20 weeks of pregnancy, and X-X-X-X is the number of full-term infants--number of preterm infants--number of abortions--number of living children. Examples: A woman who is pregnant and has had one term delivery, one set of twins born at 32 weeks, and two abortions is described as gravida 5, para 1-1-2-3. Another woman who has had three abortions and one child born at 34 weeks, but who died within a few hours of birth is described as gravida 4, para 0-1-3-0. Q. What are PT, aPTT, and INR? Blood coagulation or clotting is the process of changing from a liquid state to a solid state. Coagulation time/Clotting time is the time required for the blood to coagulate/clot. Prothrombin is a glycoprotein formed and stored in the liver and present in the blood. In the presence of thromboplastin and calcium ion prothrombin is converted to thrombin. Fibrinogen is the only coagulable protein present in the blood of vertebrates. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the presence of ionized calcium to produce coagulation of blood. A deficiency of prothrombin causes the clotting time to increase. PT - Prothrombin Time is the time required for clotting after thromboplastin and calcium are added in optimal amounts to blood having normal fibrinogen content. Used to evaluate the EXTRINSIC clotting system. A prothrombin time (PT) of 10 to 20 seconds is considered normal, indicating normal blood clotting. aPTT - The activated partial thromboplastin time is the time required for plasma to form a fibrin clot following the addition of calcium and a phospholipid reagent. Used to evaluate the INTRINSIC clotting system. The specific thromboplastin reagent used to achieve clot formation in the PT test affects the amount of time it takes to form the clot. Different labs may use different thromboplastin reagents. Therefore a patient on warfarin therapy would have great variations in his or her prothrombin time as he/she travelled to different labs. To avoid the variation in PT results from lab to lab, the World Health Organization (WHO) started a program to standardize the PT test. They developed a thromboplastin from human brain that became the standard. All other thromboplastins needed a correction factor to make their measurements equal to the standard--this factor is known as the ISI or International Sensitivity Index. Each thromboplastin is tested and given an ISI value. A more sensitive thromboplastin reagent will have an ISI closer to one, resulting in a higher prothrombin time, but an equivalent INR. INR- International Normalized Ratio - is the ratio of the patient's clotting time to the lab's mean reference value - normalized by raising it to the "ISI" power. A healthy person would have an INR of 1.0. An INR higher than 4.0 may be dangerous, creating an increased risk of bleeding. There are various plasma components - called clotting factors - involved in the clotting process. The liver produces most of the clotting factors, and several of them (II, VII, IX, X) need Vitamin K for production. Vitamin K is also needed to produce protein C and protein S, which are natural anticoagulants. Patients with severe liver failure cannot produce many clotting factors and have bleeding problems. At hospitals where patients are awaiting liver transplant, the patients are frequently placed on fresh frozen plasma (FFP) drips to maintain a steady stream of clotting factors. |
| Top |
|
Age:
Use numerals to express ages, except at the beginning of a sentence. 24-year-old man 5-1/2-year-old child 3-year 6-month-old boy At the beginning of a sentence recast the sentence or write out the number. Example: Dictated: 9-year-old patient who comes in today for... Transcribed: A 9-year-old patient who comes in today for... OR This 9-year-old patient comes in today for... OR Nine-year-old patient who comes in today for... Age as adjectival phrases Use hyphens if the adjectival phrase precedes the noun. Example: Dictated: This 15 year old boy came to the clinic today with... Transcribed: This 15-year-old boy came to the clinic today with... Dictated: The patient is a 12 month old here for... Transcribed: The patient is a 12-month-old here for... Do not use hyphens when the phrase stands alone. The patient, who is 15 years old, ... NOT 15-years-old Adjectives: Adjectives modify nouns and sometimes pronouns. Use commas to separate two or more adjectives if each modifies the noun alone. Do not place a comma between the last adjective and the modified noun. Example: Physical examination reveals a pleasant, cooperative, obese lady in no acute distress. A single, unemployed, young mother of three children is here today. However, do not place a comma after an adjective that modifies a combination of the adjective(s) and noun that follow it. Example: This 66-year-old Caucasian female was referred to my office for evaluation. He did not have audible paroxysmal tachycardia. Note: If you can replace the comma between adjectives with and, the comma is necessary. Use commas to set off an adjective or adjectival phrase directly following the noun it modifies. Example: Diagnosis: Fracture, right tibia. She has degenerative arthritis, right knee, with increasing inability to cope. |
| Top |
|
Q. Neither the brothers nor the sister _________ to be cooperative.
a. appears b. appear c. appearing Q. Select the meaning of the proverb -- Do not cast your pearls before swine. a. Provide help first to one's family members and then to others. b. Do not give a precious thing to someone who cannot value it. c. People can arrive at the same conclusion by different means. d. Information about unpleasant happenings spreads quickly. Q. Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the word given in brackets: 1. She was more a __________ (hinder) than help. 2. He is not a ____________ (depend) man. 3. It is ____________ (custom) to greet one another at Christmas. Q. Find the meaning of these homonyms: compliment and complement loop and loupe humeral and humoral See the answers in the next month's issue.... |
| Top |